STAFF SGT. ELIAZAR ALVEREZ
4th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)
U.S. Army Reserve
San Antonio, Texas

Docks play a crucial role in the transportation and logistics industries, serving as key points for loading and unloading cargo for ships, trucks and trains. They also present significant safety hazards, including falls, equipment-related injuries, drowning risks and exposure to hazardous materials. Implementing stringent dock safety measures is essential to protect civilian workers and military personnel, prevent mishaps and ensure efficient operations. While machinery malfunctions and failing engineering controls do contribute to mishaps, my experience in the safety community has shown that a substantial number of incidents are caused by human factors — specifically, individuals not following established guidelines or bypassing safety controls meant to protect them.

Depending on the company or mission, several hazards can be found in or around docks. Falls and trips are among the leading causes of dock-related injuries. Wet or oily surfaces, uneven dock plates and unguarded dock edges pose significant risks. Workers can fall from dock edges or into open dock doors if proper barriers are not in place.

Typically, forklifts and trucks also operate close to workers on docks, increasing the risk of collisions. Miscommunication between drivers and dock workers can lead to accidents, while sudden truck movements during loading and unloading can cause serious injuries. Additionally, "struck-by" and "caught-in" injuries can occur when workers are hit with swinging cargo, moving forklifts or falling objects. Improperly secured cargo can shift unexpectedly, leading to crushing injuries.

At marine docks, drowning risks are present. Workers can fall into the water, particularly in poor weather conditions or when handling slippery equipment. Lastly, exposure to hazardous materials can occur, as some docks handle chemicals that may pose fire, explosion or health hazards if not managed properly. These hazards highlight the importance of risk management, which can prevent mishaps through the appropriate risk mitigation measures.

To mitigate these risks, employers and workers must adhere to strict dock safety protocols. Essential safety measures include proper training, slip and fall prevention, vehicle and equipment safety, personal protective equipment (PPE), proper cargo handling and emergency preparedness. One of the most critical mitigation efforts is to ensure all dock workers receive adequate training on hazard identification, safe loading and unloading procedures, equipment operation and emergency response protocols. This training should also include forklift safety, hazard communication and the correct use of PPE.

For slip and fall prevention, all dock surfaces should be kept dry and free from debris. Anti-slip mats, proper drainage and regular maintenance can greatly reduce fall risks. Dock edges must be clearly marked, and guardrails or dock safety gates should be installed to prevent falls.

Vehicle and equipment safety is also essential. Effective communication between drivers and dock workers is vital to prevent sudden truck movements. Wheel chocks, dock locks or vehicle restraints should be used to secure trucks during loading and unloading. A ground guide should be employed in areas where it is designated by unit standard operating procedure. Additionally, forklift operators should adhere to speed limits and maintain clear sightlines.

Regarding PPE, workers should wear appropriate gear, such as high-visibility vests, gloves, hard hats and steel-toe boots. For marine docks, life jackets or flotation devices should be readily available. In my experience, ensuring that employees and military personnel use the correct PPE properly can make the difference between a minor mishap and a major, potentially life-threatening incident.

Proper cargo handling is also critical, and loads must be secured to prevent shifting or falling. Workers should be trained in manual lifting techniques and encouraged to use mechanical aids, like forklifts or pallet jacks, to safely move heavy loads.

Emergency preparedness is vital, as well. Emergency exits, first aid stations and eyewash stations should be easily accessible and prominently marked. Workers must be trained in emergency procedures, including responses to fires, chemical spills or incidents involving workers falling into the water. Safety data sheets should always be accessible and clearly marked for any hazardous materials.

Dock safety is essential for protecting workers and maintaining efficient operations in the logistics, shipping and transportation industries. By implementing comprehensive safety measures — such as training, equipment maintenance, proper PPE and hazard awareness — military and civilian organizations can minimize mishaps and foster a safer work environment. A proactive approach to dock safety not only saves lives, it also enhances productivity and operational efficiency.